Теоретичні підходи до розуміння поняття «самоповага» в історичному поступі психологічного знання

Abstract

У статті висвітлено загальнотеоретичні підходи до вирішення питання про природу і ґенезу самоповаги та окремих її складових. Показано, що психологічні дослідження, присвячені зазначеній проблемі, не дають однозначного визначення поняття «самоповага». Подано різні трактування цього терміна. Проаналізовано погляди відомих психологів на виникнення, сутність та змістове наповнення феномену самоповаги. Вивчено теоретичні підходи до визначення місця самоповаги в структурі самосвідомості особистості. Викладено

трактування самоповаги у взаємозв’язку з самооцінкою. Визнано роль соціальних чинників для збереження по- зитивної Я-концепції і високого рівня самоповаги.

.The article deals with general theoretical and methodological approaches to the issue of the nature and genesis of self-esteem as an important component of self-concept. The study of self-esteem is of particular relevance in the context of one’s emotionally-valuable attitude towards oneself and the formation of an adapted mature personality. The article is aimed at highlighting the results of the review of theoretical approaches to the problem of self-esteem. It is shown

that psychological research of the problem does not give a clear definition of “self-esteem” phenomenon. Different in- terpretations of this term have been presented. The views of famous psychologists on the origin, nature and content of

this concept have been analyzed. In scientific literature self-esteem is considered to be proportional to success, which indicates real achievements of a man, but inversely proportional to his claims (W. James). The problem of self-esteem

has been considered as the analysis of individual sources of activity, i.e. the motivational sphere (A. Maslow). Self- esteem has the affective-motivational determination, and the most important motive of human life is actualization,

which is considered as self-development (C. Rogers). Various approaches to understanding global self-esteem (general

self-esteem, self-regard) and its structure in foreign literature of the second half of the twentieth century have been dis- tinguished. The analysis of different approaches to the determination of a place of self-esteem in the structure of self- consciousness has been given. The proposed structure of self-consciousness includes four main components: the con- sciousness of one’s own identity and distinguishing oneself from the rest of the world; self-awareness; awareness of

one’s own psychic properties; social and moral self-assessment and self-esteem (V. Merlin). It has been revealed that the following indicators characterize self-image as a whole: stability, confidence, self-esteem, crystallization (I. Kon). The three-dimensional structure of self-attitude has been defined (V. Stolin). The idea of self-esteem due to the nature

of consciousness in five levels (E. Dickstein) has been described. It is noted that inner awareness and personality’s self- assessment is carried out in the framework of self-concept (R. Burns). The interpretation of self-esteem in relation to

self-assessment has been given. The significance of social factors in preserving a positive self-concept and high level of self-esteem has been proved. Self-esteem should be considered as a stable trait or one’s attitude towards oneself; it is a generalized self-attitude which consists of discrete self-assessments.